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Abdul Kahar Muzakkar was the leader of a rebellion in South Sulawesi from 1950 till his death in 1965. He led his group of men in a guerrilla warfare against the Indonesian central government, and was finally killed by the army in the jungle. He was also the leader of the South Sulawesi branch of the Darul Islam movement. ==Early life ()== Born on 24 March 1920 in the Kingdom of Luwu, a smaller principality on the northern end of the Gulf of Bone, Abdul Kahar Muzakkar was formerly known as Ladomeng. Ladomeng is a Buginese word derived from 'dominoes', an allusion to his father who was playing cards at the time he was born. His father, Malinrang, was reportedly a businessman who was from the lower aristocracy class.〔 Their family owned many lands, a sign of wealth at that period of time. Kahar completed elementary school in 1934, and his parents then sent him to Muhammadiyah Standard School in Palopo (capital of Luwu) for 4 years. He was then sent to Solo in Central Java to study in the ''Kweekschool'' Muhammadiyah (Islamic Teachers College) from 1938 to 1941.〔 It was in this last institution that Kahar was introduced to a number of prominent ulema, including a prominent modernist Muslim nationalist, Abdul Kahar Muzakkir. In fact, some people claimed that it was contact with this ulema that prompted Kahar to change his name from Ladomeng. There were other views, though, that Kahar had his name changed before he went to Solo, whilst according to Tommy Thomson, Kahar's former guard in the jungle, Kahar's 2 close friends, Jufri Tambora and Siddiq Bakri had been the one who asked Ladomeng to change his name to Kahar.〔 According to sources, Kahar was average as a student, and that his strength lay not in formal education, but in creativity and talent in dealing with problems.〔 In fact, Kahar did not even complete ''kweekschool'', partly because he married Walimah, a girl from Solo who was his first wife. It was with Walimah that he then returned to Palopo, teaching at a Muhammadiyah school until 1943. Though not an exceptional student, Kahar was actively involved in organizations, particularly after he had returned to Palopo. He joined the local ''Hizbul Wathan'', the youth organization for Muhammadiyah, and was active in his opposition to what he called the feudal system in Luwu, and called for an end to the aristocracy. His opposition gained him many support from the Luwu youths. Kahar remained active in ''Hizbul Wathan'' until the (arrival of the Japanese ) in 1942.〔 During the Japanese Occupation, Kahar worked as a clerk at the Nippon Hodobu, an information agency in Makassar under the Japanese authority. In 1943, Kahar was sentenced by the ''Hadat'' (governing council) of the kingdom of Luwu to ''ripaopangitana'' (to put someone or something face downward on the land ), or simply to treat someone as dead.This form of punishment not only banishes the person from the kingdom, but also causes him to sever all ties which a Bugis or Makassar person is dependent on.〔 There were varied accounts for the reason for such a sentence, all indicating that Kahar had alienated and angered the ruling powers in Luwu, particularly in his position as an activist of ''Hizbul Wathan''. There are views that Kahar criticized the belief in ''Sawerigading'', which claims that only the descendents of the ''Sawerigading'' can rule Luwu. According to his sister, Sulaeha, Kahar asked the aristocrats to discard the use of aristocratic titles, such as ''opu'', due to its inherent discrimination. Military documentation also disclosed that Kahar rejected the tradition of bowing the knees before aristocrats. He also acted in ways that oppose the traditional system of his homeland, such as marrying a Javanese girl at a time when cross cultural marriages were not common in the Buginese tradition. According to Barbara Harvey, the versions of reasons for Kahar's exile are as many as the persons who spoke about it. Mukhlis, in his writing, attempted to interpret Kahar's punishment, concluding that he broke 2 main rules: ''Mapparibokoang Arung'' (guilty of self-importance and abusing his position) and he did ''mpleo weloie Arung'' (attempted to overthrow of the rulers' position) in his position as a ''Hizbul Wathan'' activist. At the time Kahar was expelled, he swore to return and marry a descendent of the ''Pajung'' (king), a prophecy which came true as he later married Andi Haliah, the granddaughter of the ''Pajung''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Abdul Kahar Muzakkar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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